|
Economy - overview:
|
MILOSEVIC-era mismanagement
of the economy, an extended period of economic sanctions, and the damage to
Yugoslavia's infrastructure and industry during the NATO airstrikes in 1999
left the economy only half the size it was in 1990. After the ousting of
former Federal Yugoslav President MILOSEVIC in October 2000, the Democratic
Opposition of Serbia (DOS) coalition government implemented stabilization
measures and embarked on an aggressive market reform program. After renewing
its membership in the IMF in December 2000, a down-sized Yugoslavia
continued to reintegrate into the international community by rejoining the
World Bank (IBRD) and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
(EBRD). A World Bank-European Commission sponsored Donors' Conference held
in June 2001 raised $1.3 billion for economic restructuring. An agreement
rescheduling the country's $4.5 billion Paris Club government debts was
concluded in November 2001 - it wrote off 66% of the debt - and the London
Club of private creditors forgave $1.7 billion of debt, just over half the
total owed, in July 2004. The smaller republic of Montenegro severed its
economy from federal control and from Serbia during the MILOSEVIC era and
continues to maintain its own central bank, uses the euro instead of the
Yugoslav dinar as official currency, collects customs tariffs, and manages
its own budget. Kosovo's economy continues to transition to a market-based
system, and is largely dependent on the international community and the
diaspora for financial and technical assistance. The euro and the Yugoslav
dinar are both accepted currencies in Kosovo. While maintaining ultimate
oversight, UNMIK continues to work with the EU and Kosovo's local
provisional government to accelerate economic growth, lower unemployment,
and attract foreign investment to help Kosovo integrate into regional
economic structures. The complexity of Serbia and Montenegro political
relationships, slow progress in privatization, legal uncertainty over
property rights, scarcity of foreign-investment, and a substantial foreign
trade deficit are holding back the economy. Arrangements with the IMF,
especially requirements for fiscal discipline, are an important element in
policy formation. Severe unemployment remains a key political and economic
problem for this entire region. |
|
GDP (purchasing power parity):
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$28.7 billion (2005 est.)
|
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GDP (official exchange rate):
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$25.07 billion (2005 est.)
|
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GDP - real growth rate:
|
5% (2005 est.) |
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GDP - per capita (PPP):
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$2,700 (2005 est.) |
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GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 16.6%
industry: 25.5%
services: 57.9% (2005 est.) |
|
Labor force:
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3.22 million (2005 est.)
|
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Labor force - by occupation:
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agriculture NA%, industry
NA%, services NA% |
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Unemployment rate:
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31.6%; note - unemployment is
approximately 50% in Kosovo (2005 est.) |
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Population below poverty line:
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30% (1999 est.) |
|
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
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lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA% |
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Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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15.5% (2005 est.) |
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Investment (gross fixed):
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14.2% of GDP (2005 est.)
|
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Budget:
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revenues: $11.45
billion
expenditures: $11.12 billion; including capital expenditures of $NA
(2005 est.) |
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Public debt:
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53.1% of GDP (2005 est.)
|
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Agriculture - products:
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cereals, fruits, vegetables,
tobacco, olives; cattle, sheep, goats |
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Industries:
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machine building (aircraft,
trucks, and automobiles; tanks and weapons; electrical equipment;
agricultural machinery); metallurgy (steel, aluminum, copper, lead, zinc,
chromium, antimony, bismuth, cadmium); mining (coal, bauxite, nonferrous
ore, iron ore, limestone); consumer goods (textiles, footwear, foodstuffs,
appliances); electronics, petroleum products, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals
|
|
Industrial production growth rate:
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1.7% (2002 est.) |
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Electricity - production:
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36.04 billion kWh (2003)
|
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Electricity - production by source:
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fossil fuel: 62.9%
hydro: 37.1%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)
|
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Electricity - consumption:
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36.62 billion kWh (2003)
|
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Electricity - exports:
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400 million kWh (2003) |
|
Electricity - imports:
|
3.5 billion kWh (2003) |
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Oil - production:
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14,660 bbl/day (2003) |
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Oil - consumption:
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85,000 bbl/day (2003 est.)
|
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Oil - exports:
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NA bbl/day |
|
Oil - imports:
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NA bbl/day |
|
Oil - proved reserves:
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38.75 million bbl (1 January
2002)
|
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Natural gas - production:
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650 million cu m (2003 est.)
|
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Natural gas - consumption:
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2.55 billion cu m (2003 est.)
|
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Natural gas - exports:
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0 cu m (2001 est.) |
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Natural gas - imports:
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0 cu m (2001 est.) |
|
Natural gas - proved reserves:
|
48.14 billion cu m (1 January
2002)
|
|
Current account balance:
|
$-2.451 billion (2005 est.)
|
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Exports:
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$5.485 billion f.o.b. (2005
est.)
|
|
Exports - commodities:
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manufactured goods, food and
live animals, raw materials |
|
Exports - partners:
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Italy 29%, Germany 16.6%,
Austria 7%, Greece 6.7%, France 4.9%, Slovenia 4.1% (2004) |
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Imports:
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$11.94 billion f.o.b. (2005
est.)
|
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Imports - commodities:
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machinery and transport
equipment, fuels and lubricants, manufactured goods, chemicals, food and
live animals, raw materials |
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Imports - partners:
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Germany 18.5%, Italy 16.5%,
Austria 8.3%, Slovenia 6.7%, Bulgaria 4.7%, France 4.5% (2004) |
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Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
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$5.35 billion (2005 est.)
|
|
Debt - external:
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$15.43 billion (2005 est.)
|
|
Economic aid - recipient:
|
$2 billion pledged in 2001
(disbursements to follow for several years) |
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Currency (code):
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new Yugoslav dinar (YUM);
note - in Montenegro the euro is legal tender; in Kosovo both the euro and
the Yugoslav dinar are legal |
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Currency code:
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CSD, EUR |
|
Exchange rates:
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new Yugoslav dinars per US
dollar - 58.6925 (2005) |
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Fiscal year:
|
calendar year |
